CPointsMap.h

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/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                     Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit (MRPT)            |
   |                          https://www.mrpt.org/                         |
   |                                                                        |
   | Copyright (c) 2005-2020, Individual contributors, see AUTHORS file     |
   | See: https://www.mrpt.org/Authors - All rights reserved.               |
   | Released under BSD License. See: https://www.mrpt.org/License          |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ */
#pragma once

#include <mrpt/config/CLoadableOptions.h>
#include <mrpt/core/aligned_std_vector.h>
#include <mrpt/core/optional_ref.h>
#include <mrpt/core/safe_pointers.h>
#include <mrpt/img/color_maps.h>
#include <mrpt/maps/CMetricMap.h>
#include <mrpt/math/CMatrixFixed.h>
#include <mrpt/math/KDTreeCapable.h>
#include <mrpt/math/TPoint3D.h>
#include <mrpt/obs/CSinCosLookUpTableFor2DScans.h>
#include <mrpt/obs/obs_frwds.h>
#include <mrpt/opengl/PLY_import_export.h>
#include <mrpt/opengl/pointcloud_adapters.h>
#include <mrpt/serialization/CSerializable.h>
#include <iosfwd>

// Add for declaration of mexplus::from template specialization
DECLARE_MEXPLUS_FROM(mrpt::maps::CPointsMap)

namespace mrpt
{
/** \ingroup mrpt_maps_grp */
namespace maps
{
// Forward decls. needed to make its static methods friends of CPointsMap
namespace detail
{
template <class Derived>
struct loadFromRangeImpl;
template <class Derived>
struct pointmap_traits;
}  // namespace detail

/** A cloud of points in 2D or 3D, which can be built from a sequence of laser
 * scans or other sensors.
 *  This is a virtual class, thus only a derived class can be instantiated by
 * the user. The user most usually wants to use CSimplePointsMap.
 *
 *  This class implements generic version of
 * mrpt::maps::CMetric::insertObservation() accepting these types of sensory
 * data:
 *   - mrpt::obs::CObservation2DRangeScan: 2D range scans
 *   - mrpt::obs::CObservation3DRangeScan: 3D range scans (Kinect, etc...)
 *   - mrpt::obs::CObservationRange: IRs, Sonars, etc.
 *   - mrpt::obs::CObservationVelodyneScan
 *   - mrpt::obs::CObservationPointCloud
 *
 * Loading and saving in the standard LAS LiDAR point cloud format is supported
 * by installing `libLAS` and including the
 * header `<mrpt/maps/CPointsMaps_liblas.h>` in your program. Since MRPT 1.5.0
 * there is no need to build MRPT against libLAS to use this feature.
 * See LAS functions in \ref mrpt_maps_liblas_grp.
 *
 * \sa CMetricMap, CPoint, CSerializable
 * \ingroup mrpt_maps_grp
 */
class CPointsMap : public CMetricMap,
                   public mrpt::math::KDTreeCapable<CPointsMap>,
                   public mrpt::opengl::PLY_Importer,
                   public mrpt::opengl::PLY_Exporter
{
    DEFINE_VIRTUAL_SERIALIZABLE(CPointsMap)
    // This must be added for declaration of MEX-related functions
    DECLARE_MEX_CONVERSION

   protected:
    /** Helper struct used for \a internal_loadFromRangeScan2D_prepareOneRange()
     */
    struct TLaserRange2DInsertContext
    {
        TLaserRange2DInsertContext(
            const mrpt::obs::CObservation2DRangeScan& _rangeScan)
            : HM(mrpt::math::UNINITIALIZED_MATRIX), rangeScan(_rangeScan)
        {
        }
        /** Homog matrix of the local sensor pose within the robot */
        mrpt::math::CMatrixDouble44 HM;
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation2DRangeScan& rangeScan;
        /** Extra variables to be used as desired by the derived class. */
        std::vector<float> fVars;
        std::vector<unsigned int> uVars;
        std::vector<uint8_t> bVars;
    };

    /** Helper struct used for \a internal_loadFromRangeScan3D_prepareOneRange()
     */
    struct TLaserRange3DInsertContext
    {
        TLaserRange3DInsertContext(
            const mrpt::obs::CObservation3DRangeScan& _rangeScan)
            : HM(mrpt::math::UNINITIALIZED_MATRIX), rangeScan(_rangeScan)
        {
        }
        /** Homog matrix of the local sensor pose within the robot */
        mrpt::math::CMatrixDouble44 HM;
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation3DRangeScan& rangeScan;
        /** In \a internal_loadFromRangeScan3D_prepareOneRange, these are the
         * local coordinates of the scan points being inserted right now. */
        float scan_x, scan_y, scan_z;
        /** Extra variables to be used as desired by the derived class. */
        std::vector<float> fVars;
        std::vector<unsigned int> uVars;
        std::vector<uint8_t> bVars;
    };

   public:
    /** Ctor */
    CPointsMap();
    /** Virtual destructor. */
    ~CPointsMap() override;

    CPointsMap& operator=(const CPointsMap& o)
    {
        this->impl_copyFrom(o);
        return *this;
    }
    /** Don't define this one as we cannot call the virtual method
     * impl_copyFrom() during copy ctors. Redefine in derived classes as needed
     * instead. */
    CPointsMap(const CPointsMap& o) = delete;

    // --------------------------------------------
    /** @name Pure virtual interfaces to be implemented by any class derived
       from CPointsMap
        @{ */

    /** Reserves memory for a given number of points: the size of the map does
     * not change, it only reserves the memory.
     *  This is useful for situations where it is approximately known the final
     * size of the map. This method is more
     *  efficient than constantly increasing the size of the buffers. Refer to
     * the STL C++ library's "reserve" methods.
     */
    virtual void reserve(size_t newLength) = 0;

    /** Resizes all point buffers so they can hold the given number of points:
     * newly created points are set to default values,
     *  and old contents are not changed.
     * \sa reserve, setPoint, setPointFast, setSize
     */
    virtual void resize(size_t newLength) = 0;

    /** Resizes all point buffers so they can hold the given number of points,
     * *erasing* all previous contents
     *  and leaving all points to default values.
     * \sa reserve, setPoint, setPointFast, setSize
     */
    virtual void setSize(size_t newLength) = 0;

    /** Changes the coordinates of the given point (0-based index), *without*
     * checking for out-of-bounds and *without* calling mark_as_modified().
     * Also, color, intensity, or other data is left unchanged. \sa setPoint */
    inline void setPointFast(size_t index, float x, float y, float z)
    {
        m_x[index] = x;
        m_y[index] = y;
        m_z[index] = z;
    }

    /** The virtual method for \a insertPoint() *without* calling
     * mark_as_modified()   */
    virtual void insertPointFast(float x, float y, float z = 0) = 0;

    /** Get all the data fields for one point as a vector: depending on the
     * implementation class this can be [X Y Z] or [X Y Z R G B], etc...
     *  Unlike getPointAllFields(), this method does not check for index out of
     * bounds
     * \sa getPointAllFields, setPointAllFields, setPointAllFieldsFast
     */
    virtual void getPointAllFieldsFast(
        const size_t index, std::vector<float>& point_data) const = 0;

    /** Set all the data fields for one point as a vector: depending on the
     * implementation class this can be [X Y Z] or [X Y Z R G B], etc...
     *  Unlike setPointAllFields(), this method does not check for index out of
     * bounds
     * \sa setPointAllFields, getPointAllFields, getPointAllFieldsFast
     */
    virtual void setPointAllFieldsFast(
        const size_t index, const std::vector<float>& point_data) = 0;

   protected:
    /** Virtual assignment operator, copies as much common data (XYZ, color,...)
     * as possible from the source map into this one. */
    virtual void impl_copyFrom(const CPointsMap& obj) = 0;

    /** Auxiliary method called from within \a addFrom() automatically, to
     * finish the copying of class-specific data  */
    virtual void addFrom_classSpecific(
        const CPointsMap& anotherMap, const size_t nPreviousPoints) = 0;

   public:
    /** @} */
    // --------------------------------------------

    /** Returns the square distance from the 2D point (x0,y0) to the closest
     * correspondence in the map.
     */
    float squareDistanceToClosestCorrespondence(
        float x0, float y0) const override;

    inline float squareDistanceToClosestCorrespondenceT(
        const mrpt::math::TPoint2D& p0) const
    {
        return squareDistanceToClosestCorrespondence(d2f(p0.x), d2f(p0.y));
    }

    /** With this struct options are provided to the observation insertion
     * process.
     * \sa CObservation::insertIntoPointsMap
     */
    struct TInsertionOptions : public config::CLoadableOptions
    {
        /** Initilization of default parameters */
        TInsertionOptions();
        void loadFromConfigFile(
            const mrpt::config::CConfigFileBase& source,
            const std::string& section) override;  // See base docs
        void dumpToTextStream(
            std::ostream& out) const override;  // See base docs

        /** The minimum distance between points (in 3D): If two points are too
         * close, one of them is not inserted into the map. Default is 0.02
         * meters. */
        float minDistBetweenLaserPoints{0.02f};
        /** Applicable to "loadFromRangeScan" only! If set to false, the points
         * from the scan are loaded, clearing all previous content. Default is
         * false. */
        bool addToExistingPointsMap{true};
        /** If set to true, far points (<1m) are interpolated with samples at
         * "minDistSqrBetweenLaserPoints" intervals (Default is false). */
        bool also_interpolate{false};
        /** If set to false (default=true) points in the same plane as the
         * inserted scan and inside the free space, are erased: i.e. they don't
         * exist yet. */
        bool disableDeletion{true};
        /** If set to true (default=false), inserted points are "fused" with
         * previously existent ones. This shrink the size of the points map, but
         * its slower. */
        bool fuseWithExisting{false};
        /** If set to true, only HORIZONTAL (in the XY plane) measurements will
         * be inserted in the map (Default value is false, thus 3D maps are
         * generated). \sa  horizontalTolerance */
        bool isPlanarMap{false};
        /** The tolerance in rads in pitch & roll for a laser scan to be
         * considered horizontal, considered only when isPlanarMap=true
         * (default=0). */
        float horizontalTolerance;
        /** The maximum distance between two points to interpolate between them
         * (ONLY when also_interpolate=true) */
        float maxDistForInterpolatePoints{2.0f};
        /** Points with x,y,z coordinates set to zero will also be inserted */
        bool insertInvalidPoints{false};

        /** Binary dump to stream - for usage in derived classes' serialization
         */
        void writeToStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& out) const;
        /** Binary dump to stream - for usage in derived classes' serialization
         */
        void readFromStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& in);
    };

    /** The options used when inserting observations in the map */
    TInsertionOptions insertionOptions;

    /** Options used when evaluating "computeObservationLikelihood" in the
     * derived classes.
     * \sa CObservation::computeObservationLikelihood
     */
    struct TLikelihoodOptions : public config::CLoadableOptions
    {
        /** Initilization of default parameters
         */
        TLikelihoodOptions();
        ~TLikelihoodOptions() override = default;
        void loadFromConfigFile(
            const mrpt::config::CConfigFileBase& source,
            const std::string& section) override;  // See base docs
        void dumpToTextStream(
            std::ostream& out) const override;  // See base docs

        /** Binary dump to stream - for usage in derived classes' serialization
         */
        void writeToStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& out) const;
        /** Binary dump to stream - for usage in derived classes' serialization
         */
        void readFromStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& in);

        /** Sigma squared (variance, in meters) of the exponential used to model
         * the likelihood (default= 0.5^2 meters) */
        double sigma_dist{0.0025};
        /** Maximum distance in meters to consider for the numerator divided by
         * "sigma_dist", so that each point has a minimum (but very small)
         * likelihood to avoid underflows (default=1.0 meters) */
        double max_corr_distance{1.0};
        /** Speed up the likelihood computation by considering only one out of N
         * rays (default=10) */
        uint32_t decimation{10};
    };
    TLikelihoodOptions likelihoodOptions;

    /** Rendering options, used in getAs3DObject()
     */
    struct TRenderOptions : public config::CLoadableOptions
    {
        void loadFromConfigFile(
            const mrpt::config::CConfigFileBase& source,
            const std::string& section) override;  // See base docs
        void dumpToTextStream(
            std::ostream& out) const override;  // See base docs

        /** Binary dump to stream - used in derived classes' serialization */
        void writeToStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& out) const;
        /** Binary dump to stream - used in derived classes' serialization */
        void readFromStream(mrpt::serialization::CArchive& in);

        float point_size{1.0f};
        /** Color of points. Superseded by colormap if the latter is set. */
        mrpt::img::TColorf color{.0f, .0f, 1.0f};
        /** Colormap for points (index is "z" coordinates) */
        mrpt::img::TColormap colormap{mrpt::img::cmNONE};
    };
    TRenderOptions renderOptions;

    /** Adds all the points from \a anotherMap to this map, without fusing.
     *  This operation can be also invoked via the "+=" operator, for example:
     *  \code
     *   mrpt::maps::CSimplePointsMap m1, m2;
     *   ...
     *   m1.addFrom( m2 );  // Add all points of m2 to m1
     *   m1 += m2;          // Exactly the same than above
     *  \endcode
     * \note The method in CPointsMap is generic but derived classes may
     * redefine this virtual method to another one more optimized.
     */
    virtual void addFrom(const CPointsMap& anotherMap);

    /** This operator is synonymous with \a addFrom. \sa addFrom */
    inline void operator+=(const CPointsMap& anotherMap)
    {
        this->addFrom(anotherMap);
    }

    /** Insert the contents of another map into this one with some geometric
     * transformation, without fusing close points.
     * \param otherMap The other map whose points are to be inserted into this
     * one.
     * \param otherPose The pose of the other map in the coordinates of THIS map
     * \sa fuseWith, addFrom
     */
    void insertAnotherMap(
        const CPointsMap* otherMap, const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& otherPose);

    // --------------------------------------------------
    /** @name File input/output methods
        @{ */

    /** Load from a text file. Each line should contain an "X Y" coordinate
     * pair, separated by whitespaces.
     *   Returns false if any error occured, true elsewere.
     */
    inline bool load2D_from_text_file(const std::string& file)
    {
        return load2Dor3D_from_text_file(file, false);
    }
    inline bool load2D_from_text_stream(
        std::istream& in,
        mrpt::optional_ref<std::string> outErrorMsg = std::nullopt)
    {
        return load2Dor3D_from_text_stream(in, outErrorMsg, false);
    }

    /** Load from a text file. Each line should contain an "X Y Z" coordinate
     * tuple, separated by whitespaces.
     *   Returns false if any error occured, true elsewere.
     */
    inline bool load3D_from_text_file(const std::string& file)
    {
        return load2Dor3D_from_text_file(file, true);
    }
    inline bool load3D_from_text_stream(
        std::istream& in,
        mrpt::optional_ref<std::string> outErrorMsg = std::nullopt)
    {
        return load2Dor3D_from_text_stream(in, outErrorMsg, true);
    }

    /** 2D or 3D generic implementation of \a load2D_from_text_file and
     * load3D_from_text_file */
    bool load2Dor3D_from_text_file(const std::string& file, const bool is_3D);
    bool load2Dor3D_from_text_stream(
        std::istream& in, mrpt::optional_ref<std::string> outErrorMsg,
        const bool is_3D);

    /**  Save to a text file. Each line will contain "X Y" point coordinates.
     *      Returns false if any error occured, true elsewere.
     */
    bool save2D_to_text_file(const std::string& file) const;
    bool save2D_to_text_stream(std::ostream& out) const;

    /**  Save to a text file. Each line will contain "X Y Z" point coordinates.
     *     Returns false if any error occured, true elsewere.
     */
    bool save3D_to_text_file(const std::string& file) const;
    bool save3D_to_text_stream(std::ostream& out) const;

    /** This virtual method saves the map to a file "filNamePrefix"+<
     * some_file_extension >, as an image or in any other applicable way (Notice
     * that other methods to save the map may be implemented in classes
     * implementing this virtual interface) */
    void saveMetricMapRepresentationToFile(
        const std::string& filNamePrefix) const override
    {
        std::string fil(filNamePrefix + std::string(".txt"));
        save3D_to_text_file(fil);
    }

    /** Save the point cloud as a PCL PCD file, in either ASCII or binary format
     * \note This method requires user code to include PCL before MRPT headers.
     * \return false on any error */
#if defined(PCL_LINEAR_VERSION)
    inline bool savePCDFile(
        const std::string& filename, bool save_as_binary) const
    {
        pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ> cloud;
        this->getPCLPointCloud(cloud);
        return 0 == pcl::io::savePCDFile(filename, cloud, save_as_binary);
    }
#endif

    /** Load the point cloud from a PCL PCD file.
     * \note This method requires user code to include PCL before MRPT headers.
     * \return false on any error */
#if defined(PCL_LINEAR_VERSION)
    inline bool loadPCDFile(const std::string& filename)
    {
        pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ> cloud;
        if (0 != pcl::io::loadPCDFile(filename, cloud)) return false;
        this->getPCLPointCloud(cloud);
        return true;
    }
#endif

    /** @} */  // End of: File input/output methods
    // --------------------------------------------------

    /** Returns the number of stored points in the map.
     */
    inline size_t size() const { return m_x.size(); }
    /** Access to a given point from map, as a 2D point. First index is 0.
     * \exception Throws std::exception on index out of bound.
     * \sa setPoint, getPointFast
     */
    void getPoint(size_t index, float& x, float& y, float& z) const;
    /// \overload
    void getPoint(size_t index, float& x, float& y) const;
    /// \overload
    void getPoint(size_t index, double& x, double& y, double& z) const;
    /// \overload
    void getPoint(size_t index, double& x, double& y) const;
    /// \overload
    inline void getPoint(size_t index, mrpt::math::TPoint2D& p) const
    {
        getPoint(index, p.x, p.y);
    }
    /// \overload
    inline void getPoint(size_t index, mrpt::math::TPoint3D& p) const
    {
        getPoint(index, p.x, p.y, p.z);
    }

    /** Access to a given point from map, and its colors, if the map defines
     * them (othersise, R=G=B=1.0). First index is 0.
     * \return The return value is the weight of the point (the times it has
     * been fused)
     * \exception Throws std::exception on index out of bound.
     */
    virtual void getPointRGB(
        size_t index, float& x, float& y, float& z, float& R, float& G,
        float& B) const
    {
        getPoint(index, x, y, z);
        R = G = B = 1.f;
    }

    /** Just like \a getPoint() but without checking out-of-bound index and
     * without returning the point weight, just XYZ.
     */
    inline void getPointFast(size_t index, float& x, float& y, float& z) const
    {
        x = m_x[index];
        y = m_y[index];
        z = m_z[index];
    }

    /** Returns true if the point map has a color field for each point */
    virtual bool hasColorPoints() const { return false; }
    /** Changes a given point from map, with Z defaulting to 0 if not provided.
     * \exception Throws std::exception on index out of bound.
     */
    inline void setPoint(size_t index, float x, float y, float z)
    {
        ASSERT_BELOW_(index, this->size());
        setPointFast(index, x, y, z);
        mark_as_modified();
    }
    /// \overload
    inline void setPoint(size_t index, const mrpt::math::TPoint2D& p)
    {
        setPoint(index, d2f(p.x), d2f(p.y), 0);
    }
    /// \overload
    inline void setPoint(size_t index, const mrpt::math::TPoint3D& p)
    {
        setPoint(index, d2f(p.x), d2f(p.y), d2f(p.z));
    }
    /// \overload
    inline void setPoint(size_t index, float x, float y)
    {
        setPoint(index, x, y, 0);
    }
    /// overload (RGB data is ignored in classes without color information)
    virtual void setPointRGB(
        size_t index, float x, float y, float z, [[maybe_unused]] float R,
        [[maybe_unused]] float G, [[maybe_unused]] float B)
    {
        setPoint(index, x, y, z);
    }

    /// Sets the point weight, which is ignored in all classes but those which
    /// actually store that field (Note: No checks are done for out-of-bounds
    /// index). \sa getPointWeight
    virtual void setPointWeight(
        [[maybe_unused]] size_t index, [[maybe_unused]] unsigned long w)
    {
    }
    /// Gets the point weight, which is ignored in all classes (defaults to 1)
    /// but in those which actually store that field (Note: No checks are done
    /// for out-of-bounds index).  \sa setPointWeight
    virtual unsigned int getPointWeight([[maybe_unused]] size_t index) const
    {
        return 1;
    }

    /** Provides a direct access to points buffer, or nullptr if there is no
     * points in the map.
     */
    void getPointsBuffer(
        size_t& outPointsCount, const float*& xs, const float*& ys,
        const float*& zs) const;

    /** Provides a direct access to a read-only reference of the internal point
     * buffer. \sa getAllPoints */
    inline const mrpt::aligned_std_vector<float>& getPointsBufferRef_x() const
    {
        return m_x;
    }
    /** Provides a direct access to a read-only reference of the internal point
     * buffer. \sa getAllPoints */
    inline const mrpt::aligned_std_vector<float>& getPointsBufferRef_y() const
    {
        return m_y;
    }
    /** Provides a direct access to a read-only reference of the internal point
     * buffer. \sa getAllPoints */
    inline const mrpt::aligned_std_vector<float>& getPointsBufferRef_z() const
    {
        return m_z;
    }
    /** Returns a copy of the 2D/3D points as a std::vector of float
     * coordinates.
     * If decimation is greater than 1, only 1 point out of that number will be
     * saved in the output, effectively performing a subsampling of the points.
     * \sa getPointsBufferRef_x, getPointsBufferRef_y, getPointsBufferRef_z
     * \tparam VECTOR can be std::vector<float or double> or any row/column
     * Eigen::Array or Eigen::Matrix (this includes mrpt::math::CVectorFloat and
     * mrpt::math::CVectorDouble).
     */
    template <class VECTOR>
    void getAllPoints(
        VECTOR& xs, VECTOR& ys, VECTOR& zs, size_t decimation = 1) const
    {
        MRPT_START
        ASSERT_(decimation > 0);
        const size_t Nout = m_x.size() / decimation;
        xs.resize(Nout);
        ys.resize(Nout);
        zs.resize(Nout);
        size_t idx_in, idx_out;
        for (idx_in = 0, idx_out = 0; idx_out < Nout;
             idx_in += decimation, ++idx_out)
        {
            xs[idx_out] = m_x[idx_in];
            ys[idx_out] = m_y[idx_in];
            zs[idx_out] = m_z[idx_in];
        }
        MRPT_END
    }

    /** Gets all points as a STL-like container.
     * \tparam CONTAINER Any STL-like container of mrpt::math::TPoint3D,
     * mrpt::math::TPoint3Df or anything having members `x`,`y`,`z`.
     * Note that this method is not efficient for large point clouds. Fastest
     * methods are getPointsBuffer() or getPointsBufferRef_x(),
     * getPointsBufferRef_y(), getPointsBufferRef_z()
     */
    template <class CONTAINER>
    void getAllPoints(CONTAINER& ps, size_t decimation = 1) const
    {
        std::vector<float> dmy1, dmy2, dmy3;
        getAllPoints(dmy1, dmy2, dmy3, decimation);
        ps.resize(dmy1.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < dmy1.size(); i++)
        {
            ps[i].x = dmy1[i];
            ps[i].y = dmy2[i];
            ps[i].z = dmy3[i];
        }
    }

    /** Returns a copy of the 2D/3D points as a std::vector of float
     * coordinates.
     * If decimation is greater than 1, only 1 point out of that number will be
     * saved in the output, effectively performing a subsampling of the points.
     * \sa setAllPoints
     */
    void getAllPoints(
        std::vector<float>& xs, std::vector<float>& ys,
        size_t decimation = 1) const;

    inline void getAllPoints(
        std::vector<mrpt::math::TPoint2D>& ps, size_t decimation = 1) const
    {
        std::vector<float> dmy1, dmy2;
        getAllPoints(dmy1, dmy2, decimation);
        ps.resize(dmy1.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < dmy1.size(); i++)
        {
            ps[i].x = static_cast<double>(dmy1[i]);
            ps[i].y = static_cast<double>(dmy2[i]);
        }
    }

    /** Provides a way to insert (append) individual points into the map: the
     * missing fields of child
     * classes (color, weight, etc) are left to their default values
     */
    inline void insertPoint(float x, float y, float z = 0)
    {
        insertPointFast(x, y, z);
        mark_as_modified();
    }
    /// \overload
    inline void insertPoint(const mrpt::math::TPoint3D& p)
    {
        insertPoint(d2f(p.x), d2f(p.y), d2f(p.z));
    }
    /// overload (RGB data is ignored in classes without color information)
    virtual void insertPointRGB(
        float x, float y, float z, [[maybe_unused]] float R,
        [[maybe_unused]] float G, [[maybe_unused]] float B)
    {
        insertPoint(x, y, z);
    }

    /** Set all the points at once from vectors with X,Y and Z coordinates (if Z
     * is not provided, it will be set to all zeros).
     * \tparam VECTOR can be mrpt::math::CVectorFloat or std::vector<float> or
     * any other column or row Eigen::Matrix.
     */
    template <typename VECTOR>
    inline void setAllPointsTemplate(
        const VECTOR& X, const VECTOR& Y, const VECTOR& Z = VECTOR())
    {
        const size_t N = X.size();
        ASSERT_EQUAL_(X.size(), Y.size());
        ASSERT_(Z.size() == 0 || Z.size() == X.size());
        this->setSize(N);
        const bool z_valid = !Z.empty();
        if (z_valid)
            for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++)
            {
                this->setPointFast(i, X[i], Y[i], Z[i]);
            }
        else
            for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++)
            {
                this->setPointFast(i, X[i], Y[i], 0);
            }
        mark_as_modified();
    }

    /** Set all the points at once from vectors with X,Y and Z coordinates. \sa
     * getAllPoints */
    inline void setAllPoints(
        const std::vector<float>& X, const std::vector<float>& Y,
        const std::vector<float>& Z)
    {
        setAllPointsTemplate(X, Y, Z);
    }

    /** Set all the points at once from vectors with X and Y coordinates (Z=0).
     * \sa getAllPoints */
    inline void setAllPoints(
        const std::vector<float>& X, const std::vector<float>& Y)
    {
        setAllPointsTemplate(X, Y);
    }

    /** Get all the data fields for one point as a vector: depending on the
     * implementation class this can be [X Y Z] or [X Y Z R G B], etc...
     * \sa getPointAllFieldsFast, setPointAllFields, setPointAllFieldsFast
     */
    void getPointAllFields(
        const size_t index, std::vector<float>& point_data) const
    {
        ASSERT_BELOW_(index, this->size());
        getPointAllFieldsFast(index, point_data);
    }

    /** Set all the data fields for one point as a vector: depending on the
     * implementation class this can be [X Y Z] or [X Y Z R G B], etc...
     *  Unlike setPointAllFields(), this method does not check for index out of
     * bounds
     * \sa setPointAllFields, getPointAllFields, getPointAllFieldsFast
     */
    void setPointAllFields(
        const size_t index, const std::vector<float>& point_data)
    {
        ASSERT_BELOW_(index, this->size());
        setPointAllFieldsFast(index, point_data);
    }

    /** Delete points out of the given "z" axis range have been removed.
     */
    void clipOutOfRangeInZ(float zMin, float zMax);

    /** Delete points which are more far than "maxRange" away from the given
     * "point".
     */
    void clipOutOfRange(const mrpt::math::TPoint2D& point, float maxRange);

    /** Remove from the map the points marked in a bool's array as "true".
     * \exception std::exception If mask size is not equal to points count.
     */
    void applyDeletionMask(const std::vector<bool>& mask);

    // See docs in base class.
    void determineMatching2D(
        const mrpt::maps::CMetricMap* otherMap,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose2D& otherMapPose,
        mrpt::tfest::TMatchingPairList& correspondences,
        const TMatchingParams& params,
        TMatchingExtraResults& extraResults) const override;

    // See docs in base class
    void determineMatching3D(
        const mrpt::maps::CMetricMap* otherMap,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& otherMapPose,
        mrpt::tfest::TMatchingPairList& correspondences,
        const TMatchingParams& params,
        TMatchingExtraResults& extraResults) const override;

    // See docs in base class
    float compute3DMatchingRatio(
        const mrpt::maps::CMetricMap* otherMap,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& otherMapPose,
        const TMatchingRatioParams& params) const override;

    /** Computes the matchings between this and another 3D points map.
       This method matches each point in the other map with the centroid of the
     3 closest points in 3D
       from this map (if the distance is below a defined threshold).
     * \param  otherMap                   [IN] The other map to compute the
     matching with.
     * \param  otherMapPose               [IN] The pose of the other map as seen
     from "this".
     * \param  maxDistForCorrespondence   [IN] Maximum 2D linear distance
     between two points to be matched.
     * \param  correspondences            [OUT] The detected matchings pairs.
     * \param  correspondencesRatio       [OUT] The ratio [0,1] of points in
     otherMap with at least one correspondence.
     *
     * \sa determineMatching3D
     */
    void compute3DDistanceToMesh(
        const mrpt::maps::CMetricMap* otherMap2,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& otherMapPose,
        float maxDistForCorrespondence,
        mrpt::tfest::TMatchingPairList& correspondences,
        float& correspondencesRatio);

    /** Transform the range scan into a set of cartessian coordinated
     *   points. The options in "insertionOptions" are considered in this
     *method.
     * \param rangeScan The scan to be inserted into this map
     * \param robotPose Default to (0,0,0|0deg,0deg,0deg). Changes the frame of
     *reference for the point cloud (i.e. the vehicle/robot pose in world
     *coordinates).
     *
     *  Only ranges marked as "valid=true" in the observation will be inserted
     *
     *  \note Each derived class may enrich points in different ways (color,
     *weight, etc..), so please refer to the description of the specific
     *         implementation of mrpt::maps::CPointsMap you are using.
     *  \note The actual generic implementation of this file lives in
     *<src>/CPointsMap_crtp_common.h, but specific instantiations are generated
     *at each derived class.
     *
     * \sa CObservation2DRangeScan, CObservation3DRangeScan
     */
    virtual void loadFromRangeScan(
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation2DRangeScan& rangeScan,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D* robotPose = nullptr) = 0;

    /** Overload of \a loadFromRangeScan() for 3D range scans (for example,
     * Kinect observations).
     *
     * \param rangeScan The scan to be inserted into this map
     * \param robotPose Default to (0,0,0|0deg,0deg,0deg). Changes the frame of
     * reference for the point cloud (i.e. the vehicle/robot pose in world
     * coordinates).
     *
     *  \note Each derived class may enrich points in different ways (color,
     * weight, etc..), so please refer to the description of the specific
     *         implementation of mrpt::maps::CPointsMap you are using.
     *  \note The actual generic implementation of this file lives in
     * <src>/CPointsMap_crtp_common.h, but specific instantiations are generated
     * at each derived class.
     * \sa loadFromVelodyneScan
     */
    virtual void loadFromRangeScan(
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation3DRangeScan& rangeScan,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D* robotPose = nullptr) = 0;

    /** Like \a loadFromRangeScan() for Velodyne 3D scans. Points are translated
     * and rotated according to the \a sensorPose field in the observation and,
     * if provided, to the \a robotPose parameter.
     *
     * \param scan The Raw LIDAR data to be inserted into this map. It MUST
     * contain point cloud data, generated by calling to \a
     * mrpt::obs::CObservationVelodyneScan::generatePointCloud() prior to
     * insertion in this map.
     * \param robotPose Default to (0,0,0|0deg,0deg,0deg). Changes the frame of
     * reference for the point cloud (i.e. the vehicle/robot pose in world
     * coordinates).
     * \sa loadFromRangeScan
     */
    void loadFromVelodyneScan(
        const mrpt::obs::CObservationVelodyneScan& scan,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D* robotPose = nullptr);

    /** Insert the contents of another map into this one, fusing the previous
     *content with the new one.
     *    This means that points very close to existing ones will be "fused",
     *rather than "added". This prevents
     *     the unbounded increase in size of these class of maps.
     *      NOTICE that "otherMap" is neither translated nor rotated here, so if
     *this is desired it must done
     *       before calling this method.
     * \param otherMap The other map whose points are to be inserted into this
     *one.
     * \param minDistForFuse Minimum distance (in meters) between two points,
     *each one in a map, to be considered the same one and be fused rather than
     *added.
     * \param notFusedPoints If a pointer is supplied, this list will contain at
     *output a list with a "bool" value per point in "this" map. This will be
     *false/true according to that point having been fused or not.
     * \sa loadFromRangeScan, addFrom
     */
    void fuseWith(
        CPointsMap* anotherMap, float minDistForFuse = 0.02f,
        std::vector<bool>* notFusedPoints = nullptr);

    /** Replace each point \f$ p_i \f$ by \f$ p'_i = b \oplus p_i \f$ (pose
     * compounding operator).
     */
    void changeCoordinatesReference(const mrpt::poses::CPose2D& b);

    /** Replace each point \f$ p_i \f$ by \f$ p'_i = b \oplus p_i \f$ (pose
     * compounding operator).
     */
    void changeCoordinatesReference(const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& b);

    /** Copy all the points from "other" map to "this", replacing each point \f$
     * p_i \f$ by \f$ p'_i = b \oplus p_i \f$ (pose compounding operator).
     */
    void changeCoordinatesReference(
        const CPointsMap& other, const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& b);

    /** Returns true if the map is empty/no observation has been inserted.
     */
    bool isEmpty() const override;

    /** STL-like method to check whether the map is empty: */
    inline bool empty() const { return isEmpty(); }
    /** Returns a 3D object representing the map.
     *  The color of the points is controlled by renderOptions
     */
    void getAs3DObject(mrpt::opengl::CSetOfObjects::Ptr& outObj) const override;

    /** This method returns the largest distance from the origin to any of the
     * points, such as a sphere centered at the origin with this radius cover
     * ALL the points in the map (the results are buffered, such as, if the map
     * is not modified, the second call will be much faster than the first one).
     */
    float getLargestDistanceFromOrigin() const;

    /** Like \a getLargestDistanceFromOrigin() but returns in \a output_is_valid
     * = false if the distance was not already computed, skipping its
     * computation then, unlike getLargestDistanceFromOrigin() */
    float getLargestDistanceFromOriginNoRecompute(bool& output_is_valid) const
    {
        output_is_valid = m_largestDistanceFromOriginIsUpdated;
        return m_largestDistanceFromOrigin;
    }

    /** Computes the bounding box of all the points, or (0,0 ,0,0, 0,0) if there
     * are no points.
     *  Results are cached unless the map is somehow modified to avoid repeated
     * calculations.
     */
    void boundingBox(
        float& min_x, float& max_x, float& min_y, float& max_y, float& min_z,
        float& max_z) const;

    inline void boundingBox(
        mrpt::math::TPoint3D& pMin, mrpt::math::TPoint3D& pMax) const
    {
        float dmy1, dmy2, dmy3, dmy4, dmy5, dmy6;
        boundingBox(dmy1, dmy2, dmy3, dmy4, dmy5, dmy6);
        pMin.x = dmy1;
        pMin.y = dmy3;
        pMin.z = dmy5;
        pMax.x = dmy2;
        pMax.y = dmy4;
        pMax.z = dmy6;
    }

    /** Extracts the points in the map within a cylinder in 3D defined the
     * provided radius and zmin/zmax values.
     */
    void extractCylinder(
        const mrpt::math::TPoint2D& center, const double radius,
        const double zmin, const double zmax, CPointsMap* outMap);

    /** Extracts the points in the map within the area defined by two corners.
     *  The points are coloured according the R,G,B input data.
     */
    void extractPoints(
        const mrpt::math::TPoint3D& corner1,
        const mrpt::math::TPoint3D& corner2, CPointsMap* outMap, double R = 1,
        double G = 1, double B = 1);

    /** @name Filter-by-height stuff
        @{ */

    /** Enable/disable the filter-by-height functionality \sa
     * setHeightFilterLevels \note Default upon construction is disabled. */
    inline void enableFilterByHeight(bool enable = true)
    {
        m_heightfilter_enabled = enable;
    }
    /** Return whether filter-by-height is enabled \sa enableFilterByHeight */
    inline bool isFilterByHeightEnabled() const
    {
        return m_heightfilter_enabled;
    }

    /** Set the min/max Z levels for points to be actually inserted in the map
     * (only if \a enableFilterByHeight() was called before). */
    inline void setHeightFilterLevels(const double _z_min, const double _z_max)
    {
        m_heightfilter_z_min = _z_min;
        m_heightfilter_z_max = _z_max;
    }
    /** Get the min/max Z levels for points to be actually inserted in the map
     * \sa enableFilterByHeight, setHeightFilterLevels */
    inline void getHeightFilterLevels(double& _z_min, double& _z_max) const
    {
        _z_min = m_heightfilter_z_min;
        _z_max = m_heightfilter_z_max;
    }

    /** @} */

    // See docs in base class
    double internal_computeObservationLikelihood(
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation& obs,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& takenFrom) override;

    double internal_computeObservationLikelihoodPointCloud3D(
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D& pc_in_map, const float* xs, const float* ys,
        const float* zs, const std::size_t num_pts);

    /** @name PCL library support
        @{ */

    /** Use to convert this MRPT point cloud object into a PCL point cloud
     * object (PointCloud<PointXYZ>).
     *  Usage example:
     *  \code
     *    mrpt::maps::CPointsCloud       pc;
     *    pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ> cloud;
     *
     *    pc.getPCLPointCloud(cloud);
     *  \endcode
     * \sa setFromPCLPointCloud, CColouredPointsMap::getPCLPointCloudXYZRGB
     * (for color data)
     */
    template <class POINTCLOUD>
    void getPCLPointCloud(POINTCLOUD& cloud) const
    {
        const size_t nThis = this->size();
        // Fill in the cloud data
        cloud.width = nThis;
        cloud.height = 1;
        cloud.is_dense = false;
        cloud.points.resize(cloud.width * cloud.height);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < nThis; ++i)
        {
            cloud.points[i].x = m_x[i];
            cloud.points[i].y = m_y[i];
            cloud.points[i].z = m_z[i];
        }
    }

    /** Loads a PCL point cloud into this MRPT class (note: this method ignores
     * potential RGB information, see
     * CColouredPointsMap::setFromPCLPointCloudRGB() ).
     *  Usage example:
     *  \code
     *    pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ> cloud;
     *    mrpt::maps::CPointsCloud       pc;
     *
     *    pc.setFromPCLPointCloud(cloud);
     *  \endcode
     * \sa getPCLPointCloud, CColouredPointsMap::setFromPCLPointCloudRGB()
     */
    template <class POINTCLOUD>
    void setFromPCLPointCloud(const POINTCLOUD& cloud)
    {
        const size_t N = cloud.points.size();
        clear();
        reserve(N);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
            this->insertPointFast(
                cloud.points[i].x, cloud.points[i].y, cloud.points[i].z);
    }

    /** @} */

    /** @name Methods that MUST be implemented by children classes of
       KDTreeCapable
        @{ */

    /// Must return the number of data points
    inline size_t kdtree_get_point_count() const { return this->size(); }
    /// Returns the dim'th component of the idx'th point in the class:
    inline float kdtree_get_pt(const size_t idx, int dim) const
    {
        if (dim == 0)
            return m_x[idx];
        else if (dim == 1)
            return m_y[idx];
        else if (dim == 2)
            return m_z[idx];
        else
            return 0;
    }

    /// Returns the distance between the vector "p1[0:size-1]" and the data
    /// point with index "idx_p2" stored in the class:
    inline float kdtree_distance(
        const float* p1, const size_t idx_p2, size_t size) const
    {
        if (size == 2)
        {
            const float d0 = p1[0] - m_x[idx_p2];
            const float d1 = p1[1] - m_y[idx_p2];
            return d0 * d0 + d1 * d1;
        }
        else
        {
            const float d0 = p1[0] - m_x[idx_p2];
            const float d1 = p1[1] - m_y[idx_p2];
            const float d2 = p1[2] - m_z[idx_p2];
            return d0 * d0 + d1 * d1 + d2 * d2;
        }
    }

    // Optional bounding-box computation: return false to default to a standard
    // bbox computation loop.
    //   Return true if the BBOX was already computed by the class and returned
    //   in "bb" so it can be avoided to redo it again.
    //   Look at bb.size() to find out the expected dimensionality (e.g. 2 or 3
    //   for point clouds)
    template <typename BBOX>
    bool kdtree_get_bbox(BBOX& bb) const
    {
        float min_z, max_z;
        this->boundingBox(
            bb[0].low, bb[0].high, bb[1].low, bb[1].high, min_z, max_z);
        if (bb.size() == 3)
        {
            bb[2].low = min_z;
            bb[2].high = max_z;
        }
        return true;
    }
    /** @} */

    /** Users normally don't need to call this. Called by this class or children
     * classes, set m_largestDistanceFromOriginIsUpdated=false, invalidates the
     * kd-tree cache, and such. */
    inline void mark_as_modified() const
    {
        m_largestDistanceFromOriginIsUpdated = false;
        m_boundingBoxIsUpdated = false;
        kdtree_mark_as_outdated();
    }

   protected:
    /** The point coordinates */
    mrpt::aligned_std_vector<float> m_x, m_y, m_z;

    /** Cache of sin/cos values for the latest 2D scan geometries. */
    mrpt::obs::CSinCosLookUpTableFor2DScans m_scans_sincos_cache;

    /** Auxiliary variables used in "getLargestDistanceFromOrigin"
     * \sa getLargestDistanceFromOrigin
     */
    mutable float m_largestDistanceFromOrigin{0};

    /** Auxiliary variables used in "getLargestDistanceFromOrigin"
     * \sa getLargestDistanceFromOrigin
     */
    mutable bool m_largestDistanceFromOriginIsUpdated;

    mutable bool m_boundingBoxIsUpdated;
    mutable float m_bb_min_x, m_bb_max_x, m_bb_min_y, m_bb_max_y, m_bb_min_z,
        m_bb_max_z;

    /** This is a common version of CMetricMap::insertObservation() for point
     * maps (actually, CMetricMap::internal_insertObservation),
     *   so derived classes don't need to worry implementing that method unless
     * something special is really necesary.
     * See mrpt::maps::CPointsMap for the enumeration of types of observations
     * which are accepted. */
    bool internal_insertObservation(
        const mrpt::obs::CObservation& obs,
        const mrpt::poses::CPose3D* robotPose) override;

    /** Helper method for ::copyFrom() */
    void base_copyFrom(const CPointsMap& obj);

    /** @name PLY Import virtual methods to implement in base classes
        @{ */
    /** In a base class, reserve memory to prepare subsequent calls to
     * PLY_import_set_face */
    void PLY_import_set_face_count([[maybe_unused]] const size_t N) override {}

    /** In a base class, will be called after PLY_import_set_vertex_count() once
     * for each loaded point.
     *  \param pt_color Will be nullptr if the loaded file does not provide
     * color info.
     */
    void PLY_import_set_vertex(
        const size_t idx, const mrpt::math::TPoint3Df& pt,
        const mrpt::img::TColorf* pt_color = nullptr) override;
    /** @} */

    /** @name PLY Export virtual methods to implement in base classes
        @{ */
    size_t PLY_export_get_vertex_count() const override;
    size_t PLY_export_get_face_count() const override { return 0; }
    void PLY_export_get_vertex(
        const size_t idx, mrpt::math::TPoint3Df& pt, bool& pt_has_color,
        mrpt::img::TColorf& pt_color) const override;
    /** @} */

    /** The minimum and maximum height for a certain laser scan to be inserted
     * into this map
     * \sa m_heightfilter_enabled */
    double m_heightfilter_z_min{-10}, m_heightfilter_z_max{10};

    /** Whether or not (default=not) filter the input points by height
     * \sa m_heightfilter_z_min, m_heightfilter_z_max */
    bool m_heightfilter_enabled{false};

    // Friend methods:
    template <class Derived>
    friend struct detail::loadFromRangeImpl;
    template <class Derived>
    friend struct detail::pointmap_traits;

};  // End of class def.

}  // namespace maps

namespace opengl
{
/** Specialization mrpt::opengl::PointCloudAdapter<mrpt::maps::CPointsMap>
 * \ingroup mrpt_adapters_grp*/
template <>
class PointCloudAdapter<mrpt::maps::CPointsMap>
{
   private:
    mrpt::maps::CPointsMap& m_obj;

   public:
    /** The type of each point XYZ coordinates */
    using coords_t = float;
    /** Has any color RGB info? */
    static constexpr bool HAS_RGB = false;
    /** Has native RGB info (as floats)? */
    static constexpr bool HAS_RGBf = false;
    /** Has native RGB info (as uint8_t)? */
    static constexpr bool HAS_RGBu8 = false;

    /** Constructor (accept a const ref for convenience) */
    inline PointCloudAdapter(const mrpt::maps::CPointsMap& obj)
        : m_obj(*const_cast<mrpt::maps::CPointsMap*>(&obj))
    {
    }
    /** Get number of points */
    inline size_t size() const { return m_obj.size(); }
    /** Set number of points (to uninitialized values) */
    inline void resize(const size_t N) { m_obj.resize(N); }
    /** Does nothing as of now */
    inline void setDimensions(size_t height, size_t width) {}
    /** Get XYZ coordinates of i'th point */
    template <typename T>
    inline void getPointXYZ(const size_t idx, T& x, T& y, T& z) const
    {
        m_obj.getPointFast(idx, x, y, z);
    }
    /** Set XYZ coordinates of i'th point */
    inline void setPointXYZ(
        const size_t idx, const coords_t x, const coords_t y, const coords_t z)
    {
        m_obj.setPointFast(idx, x, y, z);
    }
    /** Set XYZ coordinates of i'th point */
    inline void setInvalidPoint(const size_t idx)
    {
        m_obj.setPointFast(idx, 0, 0, 0);
    }
};  // end of PointCloudAdapter<mrpt::maps::CPointsMap>
}  // namespace opengl
}  // namespace mrpt