test.cpp

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/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                     Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit (MRPT)            |
   |                          http://www.mrpt.org/                          |
   |                                                                        |
   | Copyright (c) 2005-2018, Individual contributors, see AUTHORS file     |
   | See: http://www.mrpt.org/Authors - All rights reserved.                |
   | Released under BSD License. See details in http://www.mrpt.org/License |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ */

#include <mrpt/vision/CFeatureExtraction.h>
#include <mrpt/vision/tracking.h>
#include <mrpt/gui.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace mrpt::gui;
using namespace mrpt::vision;
using namespace mrpt::img;
using namespace mrpt::system;
using namespace std;
using mrpt::format;

#include <mrpt/examples_config.h>
string myDataDir(MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY + string("img_convolution_fft/"));
const string the_img_for_extract_feats = myDataDir + string("test_image.jpg");

void TestTrackFeatures()
{
    CImage im1, im2;
    im1.loadFromFile(
        "/Trabajo/Experimentos/[2009] vOdometry Characterization/right1.jpg");
    im2.loadFromFile(
        "/Trabajo/Experimentos/[2009] vOdometry Characterization/right2.jpg");

    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    CFeatureList feats;

    fExt.options.featsType = featKLT;
    fExt.detectFeatures(im1, feats);
    feats.saveToTextFile(
        "J:/Trabajo/Experimentos/[2009] vOdometry Characterization/before.txt");

    CFeatureTracker_KL tracker;
    // tracker.extra_params["add_new_features"]  = 1;   // track, AND ALSO, add
    // new features
    // ...

    // Do tracking:
    tracker.trackFeatures(im1, im2, feats);

    feats.saveToTextFile(
        "/Trabajo/Experimentos/[2009] vOdometry Characterization/after.txt");
}

// ------------------------------------------------------
//              TestCapture
// ------------------------------------------------------
void TestExtractMatchProjectAndPaint()
{
    CDisplayWindow3D wind;
    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    CFeatureList featsHarris_L, featsHarris_R;
    CMatchedFeatureList mHarris, mSIFT, mSURF;
    CImage imL, imR;

    string imgL = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imL_p01.jpg");  // Left image
    string imgR = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imR_p01.jpg");  // Right image

    // Load and check images
    if (!imL.loadFromFile(imgL))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << imgL << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << imgL << endl;

    if (!imR.loadFromFile(imgR))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << imgR << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << imgR << endl;

    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // Extract features:
    // HARRIS
    cout << "Detecting HARRIS features in LEFT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featKLT;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imL, featsHarris_L);
    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris_L.size() << endl;

    cout << "Detecting HARRIS features in RIGHT image" << endl;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imR, featsHarris_R);
    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris_R.size() << endl;

    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // Match features:
    // size_t nMatches;
    TMatchingOptions opt;

    // HARRIS
    cout << "Matching HARRIS features by CORRELATION" << endl;
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsHarris_L, featsHarris_R, mHarris);
    cout << "Matches found: " << mHarris.size() << endl;

    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

}  // end TestExtractMatchProjectAndPaint

// ------------------------------------------------------
//              TestCapture
// ------------------------------------------------------
void TestMatchFeatures()
{
    CDisplayWindow wind, wind2;
    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    CFeatureList featsHarris_L, featsHarris_R, featsSIFT_L, featsSIFT_R,
        featsSURF_L, featsSURF_R, featsFAST_L, featsFAST_R;
    CMatchedFeatureList mHarris, mSIFT, mSURF, mHarris_SAD, mFAST_CC, mFAST_SAD;
    CImage imL, imR;

    string imgL = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imL_p01.jpg");  // Left image
    string imgR = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imR_p01.jpg");  // Right image

    //  string imgL = "../../bin/imgs/640x480_left_rect.jpg";       // Left
    // image
    //  string imgR = "../../bin/imgs/640x480_right_rect.jpg";      // Right
    // image

    // Load and check images
    if (!imL.loadFromFile(imgL))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << imgL << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << imgL << endl;

    if (!imR.loadFromFile(imgR))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << imgR << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << imgR << endl;

    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // Extract features:
    // HARRIS
    cout << "Detecting HARRIS features in LEFT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featHarris;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imL, featsHarris_L);
    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris_L.size() << endl;

    cout << "Detecting HARRIS features in RIGHT image" << endl;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imR, featsHarris_R);
    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris_R.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // SIFT
    cout << "Detecting SIFT features in LEFT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featSIFT;
    // fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::Hess;
    fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::OpenCV;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imL, featsSIFT_L);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSIFT_L.size() << endl;

    cout << "Detecting SIFT features in RIGHT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featSIFT;
    // fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::Hess;
    fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::OpenCV;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imR, featsSIFT_R);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSIFT_R.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // SURF
    cout << "Detecting SURF features in LEFT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featSURF;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imL, featsSURF_L);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSURF_L.size() << endl;

    cout << "Detecting SURF features in RIGHT image" << endl;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imR, featsSURF_R);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSURF_R.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // FAST
    cout << "Detecting FAST features in LEFT image" << endl;
    fExt.options.featsType = featFAST;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imL, featsFAST_L, 0, 400);
    cout << "Detected " << featsFAST_L.size() << endl;
    CDisplayWindow fast1("LEFT");
    fast1.showImageAndPoints(imL, featsFAST_L);

    cout << "Detecting FAST features in RIGHT image" << endl;
    fExt.detectFeatures(imR, featsFAST_R, 0, 400);
    cout << "Detected " << featsFAST_R.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    CDisplayWindow fast2("RIGHT");
    fast2.showImageAndPoints(imR, featsFAST_R);

    // Match features:
    // size_t nMatches;
    TMatchingOptions opt;

    // HARRIS
    CTicTac tictac;
    cout << "Matching HARRIS features by CORRELATION" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsHarris_L, featsHarris_R, mHarris);
    double T = tictac.Tac();
    cout << "[CC] Matches found: " << mHarris.size() << " in " << T * 1000.0f
         << " ms " << endl;

    opt.matching_method = TMatchingOptions::mmSAD;
    tictac.Tic();
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsHarris_L, featsHarris_R, mHarris_SAD, opt);
    T = tictac.Tac();
    cout << "[SAD] Matches found: " << mHarris_SAD.size() << " in "
         << T * 1000.0f << " ms " << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;
    wind.showImagesAndMatchedPoints(imL, imR, mHarris_SAD, TColor(0, 0, 255));

    // SIFT
    cout << "Matching SIFT features by DESCRIPTOR" << endl;
    opt.matching_method = TMatchingOptions::mmDescriptorSIFT;
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsSIFT_L, featsSIFT_R, mSIFT, opt);
    cout << "Matches found: " << mSIFT.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // SURF
    cout << "Matching SURF features by DESCRIPTOR" << endl;
    opt.matching_method = TMatchingOptions::mmDescriptorSURF;
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsSURF_L, featsSURF_R, mSURF, opt);
    cout << "Matches found: " << mSURF.size() << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    // FAST
    cout << "Matching FAST features by CC" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsFAST_L, featsFAST_R, mFAST_CC);
    T = tictac.Tac();
    cout << "[CC] Matches found: " << mFAST_CC.size() << " in " << T * 1000.0f
         << " ms " << endl;

    opt.matching_method = TMatchingOptions::mmSAD;
    tictac.Tic();
    // nMatches =
    matchFeatures(featsFAST_L, featsFAST_R, mFAST_SAD, opt);
    T = tictac.Tac();
    cout << "[SAD] Matches found: " << mFAST_SAD.size() << " in " << T * 1000.0f
         << " ms " << endl;
    cout << "***************************************************" << endl;

    wind2.showImagesAndMatchedPoints(imL, imR, mFAST_SAD, TColor(0, 255, 0));

    mrpt::system::pause();

}  // end TestMatchFeatures

void TestMatchingComparative()
{
    // Take two images
    string imgL = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imL_p01.jpg");  // Left image
    string imgR = MRPT_EXAMPLES_BASE_DIRECTORY +
                  string("vision_feature_extraction/") +
                  string("imgs/imR_p01.jpg");  // Right image

    CImage im1, im2;
    im1.loadFromFile(imgL);
    im2.loadFromFile(imgR);

    size_t imW = im1.getWidth();
    size_t imH = im1.getHeight();

    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    fExt.options.featsType = featFAST;
    fExt.options.patchSize = 21;
    fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::Hess;

    // Find FAST features
    CFeatureList list1, list2;
    fExt.detectFeatures(im1, list1, 150);
    // Compute SIFT & SURF descriptors
    fExt.computeDescriptors(im1, list1, descSIFT);
    fExt.computeDescriptors(im1, list1, descSURF);

    fExt.detectFeatures(im2, list2, 150);
    // Compute SIFT & SURF descriptors
    fExt.computeDescriptors(im2, list2, descSIFT);
    fExt.computeDescriptors(im2, list2, descSURF);

    CFeatureList::iterator it1, it2;
    for (it1 = list1.begin(); it1 != list1.end(); ++it1)
        im1.cross((*it1)->x, (*it1)->y, TColor::red(), '+');
    for (it2 = list2.begin(); it2 != list2.end(); ++it2)
        im2.cross((*it2)->x, (*it2)->y, TColor::red(), '+');

    CDisplayWindow win, win2;
    win.setPos(0, 0);
    win2.setPos(0, imH * 1.5);
    CImage joinimage, copyjoinimage, copyInfoImage;
    size_t imW2 = 1280;
    size_t imH2 = 150;

    CImage infoimage(imW2, imH2, CH_RGB);

    joinimage.joinImagesHorz(im1, im2);
    infoimage.filledRectangle(0, 0, imW2, imH2, TColor(150, 150, 150));
    infoimage.textOut(20, imH2 - 53, "SAD", TColor::blue());
    infoimage.textOut(20, imH2 - 41, "NCC", TColor::blue());
    infoimage.textOut(20, imH2 - 29, "SIFT", TColor::blue());
    infoimage.textOut(20, imH2 - 17, "SURF", TColor::blue());
    for (it1 = list1.begin(); it1 != list1.end(); ++it1)
    {
        copyInfoImage = infoimage;
        copyjoinimage = joinimage;
        copyjoinimage.line(
            (*it1)->x, 0, (*it1)->x, imH, TColor::green());  // Horiz
        copyjoinimage.line(
            (*it1)->x + imW, 0, (*it1)->x + imW, imH,
            TColor::green());  // Horiz
        copyjoinimage.line(
            0, (*it1)->y, imW + imW, (*it1)->y, TColor::green());  // Epipolar
        copyjoinimage.drawCircle(
            (*it1)->x, (*it1)->y, 4, TColor::green(), 2);  // Keypoint

        copyInfoImage.update_patch((*it1)->patch, 0, 0);
        bool firstMatch = true;
        int cnt = 0;
        int px = 80;
        double minsad = 1.0, maxncc = 0.0;
        float minsiftd = 1.0f, minsurfd = 1.0f;
        int idxsad = 0, idxncc = 0, idxsiftd = 0, idxsurfd = 0;

        for (it2 = list2.begin(); it2 != list2.end(); ++it2)
        {
            if (fabs((*it1)->y - (*it2)->y) <= 1.0 && (*it1)->x > (*it2)->x)
            {
                // Compute matching with SAD and Correlation and SIFT/SURF?
                // Use epipolar constraints
                // Compute SAD
                double sad =
                    mrpt::vision::computeSAD((*it1)->patch, (*it2)->patch);
                if (sad < minsad)
                {
                    minsad = sad;
                    idxsad = cnt;
                }
                // Compute Correlation
                double ncc;
                size_t u, v;
                mrpt::vision::openCV_cross_correlation(
                    (*it1)->patch, (*it2)->patch, u, v, ncc);
                if (ncc > maxncc)
                {
                    maxncc = ncc;
                    idxncc = cnt;
                }

                // Compute distance between descriptors SIFT
                float siftd = (*it1)->descriptorSIFTDistanceTo(*(*it2));
                if (siftd < minsiftd)
                {
                    minsiftd = siftd;
                    idxsiftd = cnt;
                }

                // Compute distance between descriptors SIFT
                float surfd = (*it1)->descriptorSURFDistanceTo(*(*it2));
                if (surfd < minsurfd)
                {
                    minsurfd = surfd;
                    idxsurfd = cnt;
                }

                // Plot images + features + each candidate + difference score
                if (firstMatch)
                {
                    copyjoinimage.line(
                        (*it1)->x + imW, 0, (*it1)->x + imW, imH,
                        TColor::green());  // Limit line (only the first time)
                    firstMatch = false;
                }  // end-if

                copyjoinimage.drawCircle(
                    (*it2)->x + imW, (*it2)->y, 4, TColor::blue(),
                    2);  // Keypoint
                double rx0, rx1, ry0, ry1, tx, ty;
                rx0 = (*it2)->x + imW - 15;
                rx1 = (*it2)->x + imW;
                tx = (*it2)->x + imW - 13;
                if (cnt % 2)
                {
                    ry0 = (*it2)->y - 20;
                    ry1 = (*it2)->y - 10;
                    ty = (*it2)->y - 22;
                }
                else
                {
                    ry0 = (*it2)->y + 10;
                    ry1 = (*it2)->y + 20;
                    ty = (*it2)->y + 8;
                }
                copyjoinimage.filledRectangle(
                    rx0, ry0, rx1, ry1, TColor(150, 150, 150));
                copyjoinimage.textOut(
                    tx, ty, format("%d", cnt), TColor::blue());

                px = 80 + cnt * 50;
                if (px + fExt.options.patchSize > imW2) continue;

                copyInfoImage.update_patch((*it2)->patch, px, 30);

                copyInfoImage.textOut(
                    px, imH2 - 70, format("%d", cnt), TColor::blue());
                copyInfoImage.textOut(
                    px, imH2 - 53, format("%.2f", sad), TColor::blue());
                copyInfoImage.textOut(
                    px, imH2 - 41, format("%.2f", ncc), TColor::blue());
                copyInfoImage.textOut(
                    px, imH2 - 29, format("%.2f", siftd), TColor::blue());
                copyInfoImage.textOut(
                    px, imH2 - 17, format("%.2f", surfd), TColor::blue());

                cnt++;
            }  // end if
        }  // end for it2
        copyInfoImage.textOut(
            80 + idxsad * 50, imH2 - 53, format("%.2f", minsad),
            TColor::green());
        copyInfoImage.textOut(
            80 + idxncc * 50, imH2 - 41, format("%.2f", maxncc),
            TColor::green());
        copyInfoImage.textOut(
            80 + idxsiftd * 50, imH2 - 29, format("%.2f", minsiftd),
            TColor::green());
        copyInfoImage.textOut(
            80 + idxsurfd * 50, imH2 - 17, format("%.2f", minsurfd),
            TColor::green());

        win.showImage(copyjoinimage);
        win2.showImage(copyInfoImage);
        mrpt::system::pause();
    }  // end for it1

    // Save to file
    // Check number of good features

}  // end TestMatchingComparative

// ------------------------------------------------------
//              TestExtractFeatures
// ------------------------------------------------------
void TestExtractFeatures()
{
    CDisplayWindow wind1, wind2, wind3, wind4, wind5;
    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    CFeatureList featsHarris, featsKLT, featsSIFT_Hess, featsSIFT_Lowe,
        featsSIFT_Vedaldi, featsSURF, featsFAST;
    CImage img;

    if (!img.loadFromFile(the_img_for_extract_feats))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << the_img_for_extract_feats << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << endl << the_img_for_extract_feats << endl;
    cout << "------------------------------------------------------------------"
            "--------"
         << endl
         << endl;

    CTicTac tictac;

    fExt.options.patchSize = 0;

    cout << "Detect Harris features... [f_harris.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.featsType = featHarris;
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsHarris);
    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris.size() << " features in ";
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsHarris.saveToTextFile("f_harris.txt");
    wind1.setWindowTitle("Harris detected features");
    wind1.showImageAndPoints(img, featsHarris);

    cout << "Detect FAST features... [f_fast.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.featsType = featFAST;
    fExt.options.FASTOptions.threshold = 15;  // 150;
    fExt.options.FASTOptions.min_distance = 4;
    fExt.options.FASTOptions.use_KLT_response = true;
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsFAST, 0, 500 /* max num feats */);
    cout << "Detected " << featsFAST.size() << " features in ";
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsFAST.saveToTextFile("f_fast.txt");
    wind5.setWindowTitle("FAST detected features");
    wind5.showImageAndPoints(img, featsFAST);

    cout << "Computing SIFT descriptors only ... [f_harris+sift.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::Hess;
    fExt.computeDescriptors(img, featsHarris, descSIFT);
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsHarris.saveToTextFile("f_harris+sift.txt");

    cout << "Extracting KLT features... [f_klt.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.featsType = featKLT;
    fExt.options.KLTOptions.threshold = 0.05f;
    fExt.options.KLTOptions.radius = 5;
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsKLT, 0, 10);
    cout << "Detected " << featsKLT.size() << " features in ";
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsKLT.saveToTextFile("f_klt.txt");
    wind2.setWindowTitle("KLT detected features");
    wind2.showImageAndPoints(img, featsKLT);

    cout << "Extracting SIFT features... [f_sift_hess.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.featsType = featSIFT;
    fExt.options.SIFTOptions.implementation = CFeatureExtraction::Hess;
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsSIFT_Hess);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSIFT_Hess.size() << " features in ";
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsSIFT_Hess.saveToTextFile("f_sift_hess.txt");
    wind3.setWindowTitle("SIFT Hess detected features");
    wind3.showImageAndPoints(img, featsSIFT_Hess);

    cout << "Extracting SURF features... [f_surf.txt]" << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.featsType = featSURF;
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsSURF);
    cout << "Detected " << featsSURF.size() << " features in ";
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsSURF.saveToTextFile("f_surf.txt");
    wind4.setWindowTitle("SURF detected features");
    wind4.showImageAndPoints(img, featsSURF);

    cout << "Computing spin images descriptors only ... [f_harris+spinimgs.txt]"
         << endl;
    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.options.SpinImagesOptions.radius = 13;
    fExt.options.SpinImagesOptions.hist_size_distance = 10;
    fExt.options.SpinImagesOptions.hist_size_intensity = 10;
    fExt.computeDescriptors(img, featsHarris, descSpinImages);
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl << endl;
    featsHarris.saveToTextFile("f_harris+spinimgs.txt");

    mrpt::system::pause();

    return;
}

void TestExtractFeaturesTile()
{
    CDisplayWindow wind1, wind2;
    CFeatureExtraction fExt;
    CFeatureList featsHarris;
    CImage img;

    string the_img = myDataDir + string("test_image.jpg");

    if (!img.loadFromFile(the_img))
    {
        cerr << "Cannot load " << the_img << endl;
        return;
    }
    cout << "Loaded test image: " << the_img << endl;

    CTicTac tictac;

    cout << "Extracting Harris features (tiled)... [f_harris_tiled.txt]";

    fExt.options.featsType = featHarris;
    fExt.options.harrisOptions.tile_image = true;

    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsHarris);
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl;

    cout << "Detected " << featsHarris.size() << " features in " << endl;
    featsHarris.saveToTextFile("f_harris_tiled.txt");
    wind1.setWindowTitle("Harris detected features (Tiled image)");
    wind1.showTiledImageAndPoints(img, featsHarris);

    cout << "Extracting Harris features... [f_harris.txt]";

    fExt.options.harrisOptions.tile_image = false;

    tictac.Tic();
    fExt.detectFeatures(img, featsHarris);
    cout << format("  %.03fms", tictac.Tac() * 1000) << endl;

    featsHarris.saveToTextFile("f_harris.txt");
    wind2.setWindowTitle("Harris detected features");
    wind2.showTiledImageAndPoints(img, featsHarris);

    mrpt::system::pause();

    return;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    try
    {
        TestMatchFeatures();
        // TestExtractFeatures();
        // TestExtractFeaturesTile();
        // TestTrackFeatures();
        // TestMatchingComparative();
        // TestORBTiled();

        //      CFeatureList  fs;
        //      fs.loadFromTextFile("f_harris+sift.txt");
        //      fs.saveToTextFile("f_harris+sift2.txt");

        return 0;
    }
    catch (std::exception& e)
    {
        std::cout << "MRPT exception caught: " << e.what() << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        printf("Another exception!!");
        return -1;
    }
}